Вариант 4

Грамматика:        Infinitive. Forms and Functions. Bare Infinitive

Infinitive Constructions: Objective, Nominative, For-to-Infinitive

       Participle. Forms and Functions. Participial Constructions

Gerund. Gerundial Construction

Задание 1. Перепечатайте предложения. Вставьте инфинитив в нужной форме и переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. He seems … all the morning. (to work)

A. to have worked        C. to have been worked        E. to work

B. to be worked        D. to be working        F. to have been working

2. Our specialists happened … the work on the construction site when the delegation arrived. (to start)

A. to start        C. to be starting        E. to have started

B. to be started        D. to have been started        F. to have been starting

3. If business transaction doesn’t work, both companies collaborate … the problem. (to solve)

A. to have solved        C. to be solving        E. to solve

B. to have been solved        D. to have been solving        F. to be solved

Задание 2. Перепечатайте предложения, поставьте частицу to, где необходимо. Объясните причину отсутствия частицы to. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. You must … be responsible for effecting due payments.
2. They won’t let the goods … leave the customs till the shipping documents have been checked.
3. Our company is ready … provide you with samples of goods.

Задание 3. Перепечатайте предложения. Измените их, используя Infinitive вместо подчёркнутых слов. Переведите полученное предложение на русский язык.

1. It was the credit that can be granted for 5 years at 12% per annum.
2. The general manager of the company was the first who raised the question of the rights of people who are not lawfully residents in the USA.
3. There was no area where they could allot the construction.

Задание 4. Перепечатайте предложения. Замените сложные предложения или группы предложений простыми предложениями с инфинитивным оборотом Complex Object. Переведите полученное предложение на русский язык.

1.        The goods will arrive tomorrow. We expected it.

2.        You will make all the necessary arrangements. We’d like it.

3.        They are good partners. I believed it.

Задание 5. Перепечатайте предложения. Закончите их, используя "for-to-Infinitive Construction".  Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. The manager looked at all possible options (to survive; the company; in such situation).
2. If the product is out-of-date it’s very common (the customers; to complain).
3. The company director was too strict (the port; to be changed; of delivery).

Задание 6. Перепечатайте предложения с Complex Subject. Вставьте сказуемое в нужной форме и переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. The company … to have made fifteen different improvements to the basic product. (to know)
2. This sector … to show the most solid performance with a considerable improvement on the period. (to be sure)
3. They … to have reduced production and packaging costs. (to prove)

Задание 7. Перепечатайте предложения, подчеркните инфинитивные обороты. Определите, какой инфинитивный оборот употреблён в предложении. Переведите предложение на русский язык, обращая внимание на  форму инфинитива

1. It is important for the owner of the business to choose a person whose general leadership style fits the task.

2. I would like you to fix an appointment for me for Friday.

3. Downturns in sales are unlikely to occur at the same time in all of the combined markets.

Задание 8. Выберите правильный вариант перевода выделенной части предложения. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. Society chooses how to employ resources for producing various goods and services.

A. производить        C. производства

B. производившие        D. производят

2. Individual consumers affect resource allocation, bargaining on the marketplace and buying goods and services.

A. покупать        C. покупая

B. купив        D. купит

3. The firm increases profits, distributing goods for consumption among various groups and individuals.

A. распространяя        C. распространит

B. распространит        D. распространявшая

Задание 9. Выберите нужную форму Participle I. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. … financial resources, the business can direct them on the development of production.

A. Being saved        B. Saving        C. Having saved

2. Managers … the company, try to increase the ability of work of their business.

A. being run        B. running        C. having run        D. having been run

3. Companies, … from world recession, are cutting down their production.

A. suffering        B. having been suffered C. having suffered        D. being suffered

Задание 10. Перепечатайте предложения. Замените выделенную часть предложения соответствующей формой Participle I. Переведите полученное предложение на русский язык.

1. The word ‘scarcity’, which is often used, means that all resources are scarce.

A. having used        B. using        C. being used

2. When skins were traded for flint axes we had economics. There are not any resources, which fill everyone's wants to the point of satiety.

A. filling        B. being filled        C. having filled

3. As we have limited resources, there are not enough to fill everyone's wants both in rich countries and poor countries.

A. Having        B. Having had        C. Having been had

Задание 11. Перепечатайте предложения. Определите, какой формой глагола является выделенное слово: Participle II или Past Simple. Переведите полученное предложения на русский язык.

1. Planning committees solved the «How?» problem by directing labor and other resources into certain areas of production.
2. Businesses received money from individuals who became owners.
3. Traditionally, we used the term ‘business’ as exchange or trade.

Задание 12. Перепечатайте предложения. Вставьте Participle I или Participle II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Profits … by businesses belong to the owners. (to make)
2. In modern times the concepts and activities of business …, have increased. (to use)
3. A flow of money and other resources … from the the government has the form of public goods and services such as roads, schools, and hospitals. (to return)

Задание 13. Перепечатайте предложения, подчеркните причастные обороты. Переведите предложение на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму причастия.

1. He considers business developing rapidly.
2. This term is found taking account of the guiding idea in management.
3. They heard her applying for the engineering position.

Задание 14. Перепечатайте предложения. Определите, чем является выделенное слово: Participle I, Gerund, Verbal Noun. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. At the strategic planning stage, the company decides which customers to serve, what products or services to sell, and the geographic areas in which the firm will compete.
2. Tactical planning involves defining specific plans to achieve broad strategic plans.
3. It involves deciding on other details of how to meet the strategic objectives.

Задание 15. Перепечатайте предложения, подчеркните герундиальные обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму герундия.

1. Thank you for your doing this work for me.
2. It is very important for contacts strengthening with other countries.
3. The manager was surprised at her coming so late.

Задание 16. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания

I.        There are two basic methods of production: intermittent and continuous. In intermittent production, several of the same type of items are produced. Then production of that item stops and production of another item begins. Labor and equipment work on one particular product for a short period of time. Machinery is set up and adjusted for a specific job. When the job is finished, the machinery is taken apart or reset for a different job.

II.        With intermittent production many designs and styles are possible, so a large variety of goods can be produced. The design can easily be changed to suit each individual customer. These goods are called custom-made. Therefore, automatic machines have limited use, and increased labor is necessary, which makes custom-made goods expensive. However, one of the reasons that custom-made goods are popular is that if someone owns one, it shows that he has money.

III.        In continuous production, labor and equipment work continuously, making one type of product for a long period of time. The company buys specialized machinery, or they adjust their machinery for a production period that will probably continue for months. The products must be standardized and the volume must be large. The assembly line method of manufacturing is one way of using continuous production. Coordination is more necessary in continuous production that in intermittent production, because if there is a break at any step in production, it can halt the whole process.

IV.        Continuous production is generally less flexible than intermittent production. Standardization is necessary in order to get the greatest benefit from continuous production. Therefore, there can be only a few models, styles, and designs. It is used in making consumer appliances, producing cement, making paper, refining sugar, weaving cloth, and so on.

Standard goods are generally manufactured using the continuous type of production process. They are made to the manufacturer's specifications, not the customer's. In order to sell goods, it is necessary to make items that the customers will buy; however, standard goods are made not for a specific customer, but for a group of customers. We can say that standard design tries to please the average taste. When a large volume of each design is produced, as a practical matter it is necessary to make goods to suit the average customer. Standard goods usually carry the manufacturer's brand and are advertised over a large area to reach many customers.

V.        So, intermittent production can be used if volume is small or there are many designs. Often a company begins production with job lots using intermittent production. As the company grows and the volume increases, it is more efficient to use continuous production.

1. Перепечатайте и переведите письменно III часть текста.
2. Найдите слова в тексте к следующим определениям:

1. A factor that makes custom-made goods expensive.

2. A thing that is advertised over a large area to reach many customers.

3. A method of production when many designs and styles are possible.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию из текста.

1. What method of production allows to produce goods made to the customer’s specifications?

2. What are the main features of the intermittent production?

3. What happens when volume of production of a certain company increases?

4. В какой части текста говорится

1. о том, что производственное оборудование может быть предназначено для выпуска одного определенного вида продукции?

2. о товарах широкого потребления?

3. о себестоимости товаров, сделанных на заказ?

5. Определите, является ли данное предложение: истинным, ложным или в тексте нет об этом информации.

1. Expensive custom-made goods can be a kind of evidence of a person’s welfare.

2. With intermittent production companies usually use the assembly line method of manufacturing.

3. Goods are produced in large volumes at the states with high level of government support.

6. Определите главную мысль текста.

1. The two basic methods of production.

2. The continuous way of production.

3. The reason to sell the machinery.