Вариант 1

Грамматика:        Infinitive. Forms and Functions. Bare Infinitive

       Infinitive Constructions: Objective, Nominative, For-to-Infinitive

       Participle. Forms and Functions. Participial Constructions

Gerund. Gerundial Construction

Задание 1. Перепечатайте предложения. Вставьте инфинитив в нужной форме и переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. The seller is sure … the buyer about that in advance.(to inform)

A. to have informed        C. to have been informed        E. to inform

B. to be informed        D. to be informing        F. to have been informing

2. He attempted … the claim during all the period of our negotiations. (to decline)

A. to decline        C. to be declining        E. to have declined

B. to be declined        D. to have been declined        F. to have been declining

3. I wish … my sincere apologies for the inconvenience you have been caused. (to offer)

A. to have offered        C. to be offering        E. to offer

B. to have been offered        D. to have been offering        F. to be offered

Задание 2. Перепечатайте предложения, поставьте частицу to, где необходимо. Объясните причину отсутствия частицы to. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. You will be allowed … open a current account.
2. We want you … effect payment within three days upon the receipt of shipping documents.
3. We must … handle the orders because we are pressed with time.

Задание 3. Перепечатайте предложения. Измените их, используя Infinitive вместо подчёркнутых слов. Переведите полученное предложение на русский язык.

1. The agreement that forms an association of this nature is called a partnership contract.
2. I was surprised when I found that there were mistakes about the goods to be supplied.
3. There was no bank nearby where he could cash an order cheque.

Задание 4. Перепечатайте предложения. Замените сложные предложения или группы предложений простыми предложениями с инфинитивным оборотом Complex Object. Переведите полученное предложение на русский язык.

1.        The goods will arrive tomorrow. We expect it.

2.        The manager is responsible for effecting due payments. They believe it.

3.        The name of the bank was in the headline of the document. They realized that.

Задание 5. Перепечатайте предложения. Закончите их, используя "for-to-Infinitive Construction".  Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. There was no time (they; the goods; to examine; that day).
2. The breach of contract made it difficult (to clear up; from the customs; buyer; the goods).
3. There are many possible ways (the needs of target customers; the sales companies; to satisfy).

Задание 6. Перепечатайте предложения с Complex Subject. Вставьте сказуемое в нужной форме и переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. Shipping by air … to be expensive. (to consider)
2. Their company … to be ready to provide us with samples of goods. (to turn out)
3. The letter of application … to be well written and presented. (to be sure)

Задание 7. Перепечатайте предложения, подчеркните инфинитивные обороты. Определите, какой инфинитивный оборот употреблён в предложении. Переведите предложение на русский язык, обращая внимание на  форму инфинитива

1. I would like you to send us your quotation.

2. The cargo does not seem to have been damaged by the storm.

3. After a long telephone conversation with Mr. Smith we arranged for the store to be operated by the manager from the marketing agency.

Задание 8. Выберите правильный вариант перевода выделенной части предложения. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. Economics is the study of how society chooses to employ scarce productive resources to produce various goods and services and distribute them for consumption among various competing groups and individuals.

A. конкурировать        C. конкурирующие

B. конкурировавшие        D. конкурируют

2. Resource allocation may also be left to individual consumers, bargaining on the marketplace and trading goods and services.

A. торговаться        C. торгующийся

B. торговавшись        D. торговавшихся

3. Employing more employees firm increases labor resources.

A. нанимая        C. наймёт

B. наняв        D. нанимавшая

Задание 9. Выберите нужную форму Participle I. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. … financial resources, firm can direct the remains on the development of production.

A. Being distributed        B. Distributing        C. Having distributed

2. Entrepreneurs … the factory, try to increase the ability of work of their business.

A. being managed        B. managing        C. having managed        D. having been managed

3. UN states, … against inflation, must cut government spending.

A. fighting        B. having been fought C. having fought        D. being fought

Задание 10. Перепечатайте предложения. Замените выделенную часть предложения соответствующей формой Participle I. Переведите полученное предложение на русский язык.

1. Economics is probably the first art which was acquired by a man.

A. having acquired        B. acquiring        C. being acquired

2. When skins were traded for flint axes we had economics.

A. Trading        B. Being traded        C. Having traded

3. As the subject has developed rapidly, there are now many branches of it.

A. developing                B. being developed        C. having developed        D. having been developed

Задание 11. Перепечатайте предложения. Определите, какой формой глагола является выделенное слово: Participle II или Past Simple. Переведите полученное предложения на русский язык.

1.        By a mixed economy we mean one in which some economic decisions are taken by the market mechanism and some collectively.

2.        When we used the term mixed economy it was usually applied to economies where there was a significant component of both collectivism and free enterprise.

3.        Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed.

Задание 12. Перепечатайте предложения. Вставьте Participle I или Participle II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The concepts and activities of business … in many different languages, have increased in modern times. (to use)
2. Distribution is known as moving products … from a factory to the market place. (to need).
3. It is the human activity … to material things. (to relate)

Задание 13. Перепечатайте предложения, подчеркните причастные обороты. Переведите предложение на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму причастия.

1. Alfred Marshall considered economics developing as «the study of a man in the everyday business of life».
2. Any definition is found taking account of the guiding idea in economics.
3. We heard him working for the same company.

Задание 14. Перепечатайте предложения. Определите, чем является выделенное слово: Participle I, Gerund, Verbal Noun. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

1. What are the reasons for working in the same company for all his career?
2. Economics can be challenging to study because it teaches principles that can be used in everyday buying and selling transactions with other.
3. From the very beginning, the ultimate goal of economics is to make optimum use of resources so that people can attain a good standard of living.

Задание 15. Перепечатайте предложения, подчеркните герундиальные обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму герундия.

1. We do not insist on our returning there at once.
2. It was very important to prevent inflation skyscraping the prices.
3. He was surprised at her coming in time.

Задание 16. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания

I.        Collectivism. In the twentieth century a new economic order grew up, which is known as collectivism. Collectivism is the system whereby economic decisions are taken collectively by planning committees and implemented through direction of resources either centrally or at local level.

Under this system planning committees are appointed and they provide the answers to our three central questions. Thus committees take the decision on whether, for example, more cars or more tractors should be produced. They solve the «How?» problem by directing labor and other resources into certain areas of production and, at the end of the day, they decide the «For whom» problem not by pricing but by allotting goods and services on the grounds of social and political priorities.

II.        The mixed economy. By a mixed economy we mean one in which some economic decisions are taken by the market mechanism and some collectively. To this mixture we might also add a dash of tradition and command. When we use the term mixed economy it is usually applied to economies where there is a significant component of both collectivism and free enterprise.

III.        Despite the wave of privatization in the UK significant economic decisions are still taken collectively. Education, health care, defense and social security remain in the section of the government. In the UK 40 percent of all expenditure is undertaken by the state. In countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden over 60 per cent of the economy is state-directed.

IV.        We study economics in the belief that through understanding we will be able to increase the wealth and welfare of society, and with the conviction that knowledge is better than opinions, analysis better than supposition. What we understand about economics is terribly important; it influences us all. We can put this need no better than it was put in 1936 by John Maynard Keynes in the closing words of the most influential economics book of the last century: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.

V.        Management of the economy. Whatever political party is in power three main objectives of policy are pursued: control of inflation, reduction of unemployment, and promotion of economic growth. These objectives are not in dispute; they are concerned with the good housekeeping of the economy.

Different governments may, however place different degrees of importance on individual objectives.

1. Перепечатайте и переведите письменно IV часть текста.
2. Найдите слова в тексте к следующим определениям:

1.  The system, wherein equality is emphasized and people engage in sharing and cooperation.

2. An economy that includes a variety of private and public control.

3. The social science that deals with economic growth.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию из текста.

1. What are peculiarities of a mixed type of economy?

2. What definition of economics do you know?

3. What are the main objectives of economic policy?

4. В какой части текста говорится

1. о главной функции экономики?

2. о стране, где экономические вопросы решаются коллективно?

3. о системе, при которой товары и услуги распределяются?

5. Определите, является ли данное предложение: истинным, ложным или в тексте нет об этом информации.

1. There exist logical inconsistencies between the emphasis placed on economic growth and the limited availability of natural resources.

2. A mixed economy is an economy that includes a variety of private and public control, reflecting characteristics of both capitalism and socialism.

3. There are two main functions of economic policy.

6. Определите главную мысль текста.

1. Definitions for a mixed economy.

2. Types of economies.

3. Market economies.