В обязательном порядке обучающийся должен письменно перевести один из предложенных текстов и выполнить все задания:
LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD
1.Nobody knows what the first language was. But scientists feel sure that nobody speaks it today because all languages change and keep on changing as long as people use them. One language may change in different ways in different places and grow into several languages.
2.If we could meet the people who spoke English five hundred years ago, we probably couldn′t understand much what they said.
3.English itself is a mixture of several languages. Scientists believe that these languages and many others all grew out of the same language which they call Indo-European. Nobody speaks it now. But some of its descendants are Latin, German, English, French, Greek, Russian and many of the different languages spoken in India.
4.Britain and America were once described as nations divided by a common language. Just what is difference between the English spoken in Britain and America?
5.The first English settlers to reach America arrived in Virginia in 1607 and in Massachusetts in 1620. They all spoke English of the early seventeenth century – the language of Shakespeare and Milton. Most of them came originally from the south and south-east of England. Although some of them had spent some years of exile in Holland they spoke with the accents of the southern part of their home country. To a large extent they kept that form of speech, but they soon learned to give old words new uses. They also took words from the local Indian languages for plants and animals that were new to them.
6.Until the Declaration of Independence in 1776 over two-thirds of the settlers in what later became the U.S. came from England. After that date many other people came to make a new life for themselves in the New World. These included Irish, French, Germans, Dutch, Italians, Slavs, and Scandinavians. All these people gave new words to the language of North America. The Negroes who had been taken from Africa as slaves to work on the rice and cotton plantations added words and structures from their own native languages. Some people today think that the very American expression O.K. comes from a similar expression which was brought to America by the Negroes.
7.All these people contributed in various ways to the language which was to become American English. Most civilizations and cultures – in their writings, traditions, folk stories – have traces of the old language.
Примечания к тексту
1. feel sure that … полностью уверены, что…
2. keep on changing продолжают изменяться
3. just what так что же
4. in what later became the U.S. которые позднее вошли в состав США
EXERCISES.
1. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам:
different, last, leave, nobody, north, small, new, give, dependence, few, exclude, therefore.
2. В колонке В найдите русские эквиваленты к английским словам в колонке А.
А В
because в большой степени
that пока
aslongas так как
aswellas хотя
someof так же как, а также
once между
as некоторые из
between когда-то
although как
to a largeextent что
3. Переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста, обращая внимание на сказуемые в пассивном залоге.
Britain and America were once described as nations divided by a common language.
The Negroes who had been taken from Africa as slaves added words and structures from their own native languages.
Some people think that the very expression O.K. comes from a similar expression which was brought to America by the Negroes.
4. Дайте развернутый ответ на вопросы по тексту.
1. Do people in Britain and America speak the same language?
2. What words did the first English settlers take from local Indian languages?
3. What peoples gave new words to the language of North America after 1776?
4. What is English now?
VOCABULARY.
Change изменение; изменяться
use использовать
several несколько
probably вероятно
describe описывать
difference отличие
settler поселенец
trace след
until до тех пор, пока (не)
reach достигать
arrive прибывать, приезжать
originally первоначально
spend (spent) проводить (время)
exile ссылка, изгнание
extent степень
keep (kept) сохранять
keepon продолжать
include включать
slave раб
bring (brought) приносить, привозить
scientist ученый
language язык
sure уверенный
descendant потомок
grow (grew, grown) расти; увеличиваться
way дорога; путь, способ
MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1.The environment situation is known to have long been a subject of separate and joint research efforts by specialists of interrelated fields – biologists, chemists, biochemists and others who have to combine their knowledge with the information available to specialists in physics, geology, oceanography and meteorology, or to the experts in sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc. The problem of man and his interaction with the environment has now become the focal point for many sciences not because it is fashionable but because of its great significance for the whole of mankind.
2.Scientific exchanges and discussions are sure to be always useful because they contribute to general scientific advance. Many Western scientists say our world to be through a global ecological crisis which means the gradual destruction of the human race. Russian scientists are not so pessimistic but they do think that man′s intervention in nature is steadily increasing, which is a growing threat to the environment. The very term "crisis” is not quite accurate. What we see at present are signs of ecological imbalance which may cause a crisis if due measures are not taken. The air we breathe, the earth we live on and its rivers and seas are becoming polluted with ever more dangerous materials - the by-products of Man′s activities.
3.Interrelations between man and the biosphere are of a very complex nature. Man, like every other living organism, depends for his life on what the biosphere provides: water, oxygen, food, etc. On the other hand, the biosphere is reported to be strongly affected by all sorts of human activities. The conflicts that arise in this man-and-the environment interaction are different. For example, man creates new compounds, new substances, pure chemical elements which are unknown to the biosphere. They do not belong to the natural cycle of matter, therefore they weaken the capacity of natural complexes for self-regulation. Thus, though not changing biologically, we change the medium we live in.
4.Forests are disappearing. Deserts are advancing at the same speed and, if there are qualitative changes in the biosphere, it is supposed not any longer to correspond to the biological requirements of man, whose ability to adapt is very limited.
5.The great scientist Vladimir Vernadsky was the first to realize the necessity for quite a new approach to the biosphere as early as the mid-forties. It is Vernadsky′s concept of the biosphere that we accept today.
6.That we must act now is clear. If your house is in order, you′re all right.
Примечания к тексту:
1. buttheydothink но они все же считают
2. evermoredangerous как никогда опасные
3. ontheotherhand с другой стороны,
4. it is Vernadsky′s concept that именно концепция Вернадского
II. EXERCISES.
1. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам:
optimistic, decrease, relative, past, balance, simple, joint, death, compromise, same, artificial, because, strengthen.
2. Найдите русские эквиваленты в колонке В к английским словам из колонки А.
A B
because через
becauseof потому что
through сам; как таковой
very должный
quite как и
due таким образом
like поэтому
therefore хотя
thus из-за
though совсем
3. Переведите следующие словосочетания из текста, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые слова. Постарайтесь подобрать самый подходящий вариант их перевода.
informationavailabletospecialists
for the whole mankind
general scientific advance
man′s intervention in nature
the very term "crisis”
signs of ecological imbalance
may cause a crisis
the by-productsof Man′s activities
like other living organisms
to realize the necessity
4. Переведите письменно следующие сложные предложения из текста, обращая внимание на тип придаточного. Помните, что в некоторых случаях союз, вводящий придаточные предложения, опускается.
1. What we see at present are signs of ecological imbalance.
2. The airwe breathe, the earth we live on are becoming polluted.
3. Man depends for his life on what the biosphere provides.
4. We change the medium we live in.
5. That we must act now is clear.
7. Придумайте и запишите два вопроса, ответом на которые может служить абзац 2.
III.VOCABULARY.
Environment окружающая среда
subject предмет, тема
joint совместный
effort усилие
interrelate взаимосвязывать(ся)
available имеющийся в наличии, доступный
interaction взаимодействие
fashionable модный
significance значимость
contribute способствовать, делать вклад
gradual постепенный
steadily постоянно
threat угроза
cause вызывать, быть причиной
measure мера
breathe дышать
pollute загрязнять
dangerous опасный
by-product побочный продукт
nature природа, характер
provide обеспечивать, предоставлять
depend зависеть
affect воздействовать, влиять
arise (arose, arisen) возникать
create создавать
compound соединение
matter материя, вещество
weaken ослаблять
medium среда
suppose предполагать
correspond соответствовать, отвечать (требованиям и т.д.)
realize осознать, понять
accept принимать, соглашаться
Критерии оценки ответа на вопрос:
1. Оценивается точность и «адекватность» перевода;
2. Оценивается полнота, точность и глубина понимания смысла текста;
3. Оценивается адекватность восприятия основной информации смысловых частей сообщения;
4. Определение темы (идеи)
Задания выполняются в текстовом редакторе Word шрифт «14 TimesNewRoman» с полями: левое – 30 мм, правое – 10 мм, верхнее – 20 мм, нижнее – 20 мм. Межстрочный интервал – 1,5. Выравнивание текста – по ширине страницы с включенным режимом переноса. Фразы, начинающиеся с «красной» строки, печатаются с отступом от начала строки равным 12 мм (первая стандартная позиция табулятора).
